The Connection Between Diet and Sleep
We know that diet is a pillar of health. Our diets also are an important foundation of healthy sleep. Cultivating eating habits that are right for you, and support your nightly rest, is not a one-size-fits-all endeavor. There is no one “diet” that is right for sleep, and there is a broad range of foods that fit well in a sleep-promoting diet.
The Mediterranean Diet, with its abundance of unprocessed whole foods, emphasis on vegetables, fruits, moderate whole grain consumption, and healthy fat and protein sources, has been associated with higher sleep quality, including in this 2020 study of adult women in the US.
But the short- and long-term impact of foods on sleep and sleep quality is actually a pretty under-researched area of sleep and nutrition science. There’s a lot more to learn about how macronutrients—proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, amino acids—as well as vitamins and minerals affect sleep patterns and the quality of our nightly rest. That said, there is a growing body of scientific data that indicates what types of food can protect and enhance sleep—and what foods can undermine sleep.
Protein: Protein is a natural sleep aid. Among their benefits for sleep, protein-rich foods can be a source of tryptophan, an amino acid that the body uses to make the sleep-facilitating hormone melatonin. And consuming a larger share of calories from protein may help with nighttime satiety, keeping hunger hormones suppressed and allowing for more sustained rest overnight.
A 2020 review of recent sleep-nutrition research found that higher sleep quality is associated with consuming a greater share of daily calories from protein and a lower share of carbohydrates and fat. And a 2016 study from Columbia University found that participants who ate meals high in protein and fiber and low in saturated fats, sugar, and carbohydrates, experienced higher sleep quality and more time in deep sleep.
The broad spectrum of sleep-friendly protein sources includes eggs, fish, chicken breast, broccoli, spinach, quinoa, and almonds.
Fiber: High-fiber diets may help us achieve deeper, more restorative rest. Fiber-rich diets have been associated with less time spent in light sleep and more time spent in slow-wave sleep, the deep, highly restorative sleep stage during which the body undertakes significant cellular rejuvenation and repair. The 2016 study from Columbia University found that a single day of low-fiber dietary consumption can harm sleep that night.
Avocadoes, pears, chickpeas, lentils, oats, and dark chocolate are among the high-fiber foods that can contribute to a sleep-promoting diet.
Magnesium: This essential mineral has powerful benefits for sleep. Magnesium calms the nervous system and relaxes muscles. It’s involved in regulating the “sleep hormone” melatonin and in helping the body maintain healthy levels of Vitamin D, which facilitates more restful high-quality sleep. Magnesium also maintains healthy levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Many people lack sufficient magnesium, and low magnesium is linked to insomnia. Since magnesium isn’t produced inside the body, we must add foods to our diet that provides it.
Good dietary sources of magnesium include bananas, spinach, avocados, brown rice, tofu, and cashews.
Potassium: Potassium promotes healthy circulation and digestion while also helping to relax muscles, all contributing to better sleep. Research has shown that elevated potassium levels (through supplementation, in this study) are linked to fewer nighttime awakenings.
Potassium-rich foods include leafy greens, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, and legumes.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D helps regulate the circadian clock that controls daily sleep-wake cycles and may promote longer and more restful sleep. Lack of sufficient Vitamin D has been linked to short sleep duration and more restless sleep. Research also suggests that Vitamin D deficiency may elevate the risk for obstructive sleep apnea.
Sunlight is the very best source of Vitamin D. Our bodies produce Vitamin D in response to sun exposure. Dietary sources of Vitamin D include fatty fish, fish oil, egg yolks, dairy, and D-fortified foods.
Omega-3 fatty acids: These polyunsaturated fatty acids are what are known as essential fats. Our bodies do not produce omega 3s; we must get them from dietary sources, including supplements. Research shows that omega 3 fatty acids are linked to higher sleep quality and may help us fall asleep more quickly. Some research in animals has found that a deficiency of DHA, one of the three main types of omega-3 fatty acids, may interfere with nighttime melatonin production.
Many types of fish are rich sources of omega 3s DHA and EPA, including anchovies, bluefish, mackerel, wild-caught salmon, and tuna. Nuts and oils are potent sources of the omega 3 ALA, including walnuts, flaxseed and flaxseed oil, canola oil, and soybean oil.
Water: It’s important not to overlook hydration when it comes to fueling healthy sleep. Water is a macronutrient, and staying hydrated is throughout the day is important to sleeping well at night. There’s a two-way street at work here: dehydration can negatively impact sleep, and sleeping poorly can make us more dehydrated.
Even sleeping well, we lose about a liter of water overnight. I recommend drinking 12-16 ounces of room temperature water first thing upon waking to help replenish overnight water loss. And hold off on caffeine for 90 minutes in the morning. Caffeine is a diuretic, and drinking it immediately after waking is counterproductive to morning hydration.
What are the foods to limit in our diets to protect our sleep?
Sugar tops this list. A sugar-laden diet creates several problems for sleep. Sugar consumption is linked to restless sleeping and more frequent nighttime awakenings. Sugar stimulates appetite, which can lead to more late-night eating that disrupts the soundness of our rest. Sugar contributes to inflammation, and inflammation interferes with sleep. And sugar is harmful to gut health. Our gut microbiome plays a role in regulating sleep that we’re just beginning to understand, and it’s becoming increasingly clear that protecting the health of our guts can have a powerful benefit on sleep.
Saturated and trans fats. Fats play an important role in a healthful diet and a restful night’s sleep, but the type of fat in our diets matters a great deal. Diets higher in saturated fats have been linked to lighter sleep accompanied by more frequent awakenings throughout the night. Saturated and trans fats often found in highly processed foods are linked to weight gain and inflammation, undermining sleep.
A healthful diet is an essential contributor to the consistent quality of your sleep. Together with a healthy sleep schedule, regular exercise, and a sleep-promoting bedroom, your varied, whole-food diet can enhance your nightly rest.